What Australia can learn from PNG

by Danielle Cave 

The recent Lowy Institute PNG New Voices Conference was a much-needed shock to the complacency I have become attuned to as a member of Australia's international policy community.
It was the best Lowy Institute conference I have ever attended. In fact it was the best conference I have ever attended full stop. This is because again and again the speakers demonstrated qualities that are rare in Australian-based public discussion: passion, frankness, courage, creativity and a talent for generating new ideas. The determination to get their views across shown by those who participated was infectious. 

PNG Government representatives (from Foreign Affairs, Treasury and Sports), business owners, senior NGO managers, economists, journalists, artists, students and future political candidates gave honest and considered views of where they see their country going and why PNG's politicians are not doing enough to deliver for the people they serve. Now, over email and social media, these same people are forming new networks, debating policy ideas and coordinating future meet-ups, interviews and events.
PNG public servants that spoke at PNG New Voices were careful to explain that 'the views in my speech don't necessarily represent the views of the government of PNG', before presenting fresh and frank perspectives, strong opinions and creative policy ideas. I can't image an Australian public servant able or willing to do the same.
Australia's international policy expertise within the public service is increasingly locked away from public view and public discussion. Trapped in rigid hierarchies and spread across about a dozen internationally-focused government departments, most will only reappear when they jump ship into a non-government or private sector role.
Too many of these specialists spend more time briefing, coordinating and thinking about their department's place in Canberra (and their branch's place in their department, and so on) than using their knowledge to inform international policy formulation. The burden and cyclical nature of the vast demand for briefings – for politicians, senior government employees and even for mid-level public servants – is inhibiting the strategic capabilities of the public service.
 Australian Government departments, intentionally or unintentionally, hinder public debate by putting up barriers that limit and discourage the participation of policymakers and public servants. The requirements to get clearance to engage in public discussion can be so demanding that a policymaker needs to assess whether it's worth their time and effort.
It's rare to see an Australian public servant ask a question in a public forum, let alone offer their opinion or idea on a topic. The barriers to participate in public discourse that have helped contribute to the over-cautious nature of Australia's internationally-focused policymakers need to be abolished. This inactive approach to participating in public discussion and debate is self-harming and short-sighted for Australia, a country which sees itself as a creative middle power.
Australia's international policy community is facing a serious predicament. The Prime Minister and Foreign Minister have, at their disposal, an over-cautious, under-utilised and under-resourced (in the case of Foreign Affairs) crop of international policymakers. Worst of all, new ideas are few and far between. Even when a policy idea does survive the gauntlet of an inflexible, hierarchical clearance processes, it will not always be well communicated and may not even come to the attention to other international policy segments of the Australian public. 
By putting a padlock on our public servants the  Australian Government is essentially under-employing one of its most important resources. This knowledge and expertise would help inform, not hinder, Australia's international policy debate.
The over 100 Papua New Guineans who participated in PNG New Voices taught me how much Australia could learn from Papua New Guinea if only we would pay attention and listen. New ideas were being thrown up by speakers and participants. Those of us typing up notes and tweeting via #PNGNewVoices struggled to keep up. I heard more good policy ideas on 22 October in Port Moresby than I have heard over the last year in Australia's foreign policy discussions (both publicly discussed and behind closed doors).
Are Papua New Guineans better at thinking outside the box? Does the Australian public service even value new ideas and creative policy thinking? Are government policymakers, so caught up with internal administration and briefing, less informed about international developments? Is Australia always destined to host an international policy debate where policymakers rarely take part?
Sadly, Australian government agencies are not known for their ability to generate new and creative policy thinking. But this could change. Change needs to trickle down from confident leadership, both at the political and departmental level, that trusts the capabilities of the public servants they employ.
No one at PNG New Voices defended or made excuses for poor policy. No one toed the line. Refreshingly, no one spoke from a dry and unimaginative set of talking points. No one took the opportunity to lecture another group or a country. And no one criticised those who disagreed with them, instead welcoming different views and seeing this as an opportunity to take part in an informed debate. After all, a strong public discussion means that policy has been challenged and debated, and a more informed policy is good for any country. Papua New Guineans at the conference understood and encouraged this. The same attitude to international policy debate needs to develop in Australia.
Australia's international policy community is performing at partial strength. Instead of foreign policy debates flourishing as Australia faces an increasing set of complex international challenges – hosting the G20 in 2014; wedged between our core ally and key trading partner; taking on a term in the UNSC; facing the possibility of conflict in Asia – the debate is flat. And worse off because of the lack of Australian policymaker participation.
It took listening to the depth of talent that exists within Papua New Guinea's crop of emerging leaders to appreciate just how lethargic and tepid Australia's international policy community has become. Where is the passion for informed and new ideas for Australia's future place in the world? And importantly, where are Australia's emerging crop of international policy leaders? I certainly can't hear them.
Photo by Flickr user auraneurotica photo.

PNG - Australia AFL Taskforce Meets

Invest in Australia

The PNG-Australia AFL Taskforce is continuing to kick goals for the advancement of Australian Rules football in Papua New Guinea.

Co-chaired by Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs, Richard Marles, and PNG's Minister for Transport, Ano Pala, the Taskforce met in Port Moresby today to finalise a report that will set clear recommendations on how Australian Rules can be expanded and strengthened in PNG.

Established in partnership with the AFL, the PNG-Australia AFL Taskforce aims to have its recommendations become the foundation for enhanced partnership programs over the coming years.

"This Taskforce is an important step in the development of Australian Rules football in PNG and we know that well-organised sport can have a very positive impact on both individuals and communities," Mr Marles said.

"Through this collaboration between Australia, PNG and the AFL, the Taskforce aims to open up more opportunities for men, women and children to play the game in PNG, as well as increase the prospects for elite players to pursue their football at the highest levels."

Those attending this morning's meeting included PNG's Minister for Sports and Pacific Games, Justin Tkatchenko, Acting Chancellor of the University of PNG, Professor Ken Sumbuk, Australian Football League (AFL) Asia Pacific Development Manager, Andrew Cadzow and Chairman of PNG AFL, Scott Reid.

South Pacific coconut gene bank in PNG under threat

By Anne Moorhead in SciDev

The South Pacific's coconut palms are under threat

Flickr/adaduitokla

[SUVA, FIJI] The international collection of the South Pacific's coconut palm species, held at a field gene bank in Papua New Guinea (PNG), is under threat from a disease outbreak close to the gene bank.
The warning came at a meeting on the Pacific coconut research and development (R&D) strategy in Samoa last week (1 October–2 November), convened by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community.
The deadly disease, Bogia Coconut Syndrome, is threatening the survival of gene banks of region's most important tree, the coconut, a number of which are endemic. Named after the town of Bogia on the north coast of mainland PNG, the disease appears to be caused by bacteria similar to, but distinct from, the better known Lethal Yellowing disease that attacks palm species.
Ironically, PNG was selected as the site for the gene bank in the 1990s because the country was relatively free of coconut pests and diseases.
In an attempt to contain the disease, movement of coconuts and coconut palms, both from the gene bank and for commercial reasons, out of the affected region has been banned, with roadblocks in place to help enforce this.
But these restrictions are preventing the gene bank from fulfilling one of its key roles: distributing useful varieties in support of R&D efforts.
The gene bank holds 3,200 coconut palms, representing 57 different varieties of Cocos nucifera, and is one of five international coconut collections around the world. Duplication will not be easy: some of the varieties are not kept in any other gene banks and will need to be collected again from the field.
Roland Bourdeix, coordinator of the International Coconut Genetic Resources Network, is arranging an urgent mission to PNG to assess the situation.
"We hope to rescue the collection," Bourdeix says. "We'll relocate it if there's a safe way to move the plants. We are also planning to duplicate [the gene bank] in another country."The crisis is at least providing an opportunity to rethink the strategy for regional coconut conservation," he says. "For example, we are exploring a concept called 'polymotu' — using small islands as gene banks by planting them with one or two varieties. The isolation keeps the varieties pure."
Richard Markham, research programme manager for the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, said: "At present, both the pathogen and its epidemiology are poorly understood".
"We are supporting research to try to identify the [Bogia Coconut Syndrome] vector and better understand the host range of this disease. Once we have that information, everyone will be better placed to assess the threat — both to coconuts and livelihoods in general."

This article has been produced by SciDev.Net's South-East Asia desk.

Review claims 'poor science' in Nautilus deep-sea mining report

By Paula Park in SciDev

Nautilus plans to mine sediments from underwater hydrothermal vents

Nautilus Minerals

A debate has erupted over the scientific validity of the environmental impact statement (EIS) of the world's first deep-sea mine, located off the coast of Papua New Guinea (PNG).
The furore may push the PNG government to convene a further roundtable meeting for experts, before the mine becomes operational next year.
The original impact assessment, which prompted the government to give a green light to the mine in 2009, was "completely unacceptable by scientific standards" and based on "second rate science," according to a review published by the Deep Sea Mining Campaign pressure group this week (5 November).
It says the EIS — which paved the way for a Canadian company Nautilus being granted a 20-year mining lease in 2011 — failed to adequately assess the risk of metals contaminating fisheries and people.
The PNG government and Nautilus Minerals Inc., the Toronto-based company set to run the Solwara 1 deep-sea mine, claim to be taking the new review seriously, while Coffey Natural Systems, the consultancy firm responsible for the EIS, maintains its assessment was scientifically valid.
Nautilus plans to mine sediments from underwater hydrothermal vents that deposit metals such as copper, gold and silver in heavy concentrations on the region's sea floor.  
The Solwara 1 mine will excavate and pump sediment to a floating platform, where the ore will be extracted and the waste rock returned to the sea floor via pipes.
The 2008 assessment or EIS stated that the project would be "socially acceptable, environmentally responsible, technologically achievable and economically viable".
But the review of that EIS, written by John Luick, a physical oceanographer at the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), finds it contained "serious omissions and flaws". In particular, these relate to data provided on the speed and direction of currents at different depths, and on the upwelling of material from the seabed.
Because of the omissions, it is impossible to assess adequately the potential contamination to humans and fisheries, the review states.                                                                               
Furthermore, the EIS understated the risk of metals entering the water through emissions on the seabed, leakage during the pumping process, or spills on the surface, Luick said.
"They didn't do a proper analysis," he told SciDev.Net.
A spokesman for Nautilus said the company was taking the review seriously and would issue a statement soon.
Gunther Joku, special projects director for PNG's Department of Environment and Conservation, said he would like to hold a forum, so that the Deep Sea Mining Campaign, Nautilus and any other interested groups can present their views publicly.
This forum would enable scientists to explain what the project is about, and ensure that experts from all interested groups have a space to convene, Joku told SciDev.Net.
"We [would] also explain what the government does in terms of applying laws to the project," he added.
But Coffey Natural Systems stands by its results, and says the PNG environment department even commissioned a second consultancy firm, Cardno, to peer review the EIS before granting Nautilus its environmental permit.
Yet, findings of that review have not been made public, and the scientific community appears divided on the issue.
Chalapan Kaluwin, a professor of environmental science at the University of Papua New Guinea, says "the EIS should have provided a solid basis for the PNG government to decide whether to approve this project, and if so, under what conditions".
"The findings of this new report suggest these important decisions were made on the basis of junk science," he said.
However, John Wiltshire, associate chair of the University of Hawaii's ocean and resources engineering department, said he was not concerned by the EIS's level of analysis.
"My sense is that Nautilus has done a reasonable amount of work," he told SciDev.Net. "I don't think they would have come to a different conclusion if they had done more analysis."
Link to EIS report
Link to full review

How PNG's education system can learn from the US experience

“Reform,” “Improved Performance,” “Addressing Weaknesses” -- all are terms common to recent discussions of business enterprises in Papua New Guinea, but they may as well also pertain to education. In her post below, VALERIE HARRIS addresses ways in which the Papua New Guinea government and education ministers may be able to use the U.S. example of higher education, the good and the bad, in order to build a system that is stronger than ever before. Ms. Harris is an education expert who writes predominantly for MastersDegreeOnline.org, a site for students considering graduate work over the Internet. As more students in US get masters degrees, PNG should look to learn from that system’s successes and failures in education

Education experts have praised recent increases in higher education enrollment at American schools. However, many have also noted that a large number of college graduates are finding work in employment sectors other than the one in which they studied -- if they are finding work at all.
According to a recent report by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 40 percent of American adults between the ages of 25 and 64 had at least a bachelor’s degree. In international terms, this places the U.S. fourth in post-secondary degree attainment after Canada (48 percent), Japan and New Zealand (both 41 percent). However, the Council of Graduate Schools recently released a report indicating that first-time enrollments in master’s programs dropped 2 percent between 2010 and 2011. 

New female enrollees fell 2 percent in that time, while male enrollees dipped 2 percent. Despite increases in areas like Ph.D. enrollment and the number of international students enrolled in graduate programs, CGS President Debra W. Stewart told Chronicle that current trends should be seen as negative. “It's a matter of serious concern that we are losing enrollment almost across the board for U.S. students," she said. "It's time we reaffirm our commitment to graduate education and avoid accelerating these trends.”

Other troubling statistics reflect uneven job prospects for newly graduated students. USA Today contributor Chuck Raasch wrote in June 2012 that the unemployment for college graduates over the age of 25 sits at 9.4 percent, while 19.1 percent are forced to accept positions for which they are overqualified. The article noted that 35 percent of students held jobs that were completely unrelated or only somewhat related to their major field of study; in comparison, 39 percent had jobs that were closely related to their collegiate studies.

As American colleges and universities seek to increase enrollments and enable graduates to find work after earning their degrees, developing nations are carefully following results in the U.S. in order to implement successful educational reforms of their own. Papua New Guinea, a nation that has initiated widespread educational reform since 1993, is one of these. Provisions of the initial reform (1993-2004) included: 460,000 children enrolled at elementary schools; 14,000 teachers employed at elementary schools; equal educational access for male and female students; 100 percent transition from elementary to primary school; and access to at least nine years of basic education for all students.

Papua New Guinea has experimented with various means of financing educational opportunities. In the 1980s, the national government instituted a “free” education policy that relieved parents of paying school fees by transferring the burden to provincial governments. However, provincial leaders complained about the huge costs they were now forced to shoulder. In 1982, free schooling was replaced with a more comprehensive policy that allowed schools to charge student fees, but exempted low-income families from paying them and created a subsidy program for poor children at all educational levels. But this program was largely ineffective, primarily due to mismanagement of the subsidies at the district level. A ministerial report stated that the curriculum, basic educational materials, physical conditions of schools and teacher morale all suffered under the so-called “reforms.” In 1992, a “user pay policy” replaced the pre-existing subsidy program, but schools complained that the original problem had resurfaced: families could not pay the school fees, and students were forced to drop out.

The subsidy program was reintroduced in 1996, and has remained in place ever since. Numerous logistical issues have been reported as a result of these subsidies, particularly in rural communities where acquisition of even basic school supplies require air travel and many schools do not so much as have bank accounts. In addition, many schools have only remained open due to parent support in lieu of cashable subsidies. In 2012, Pacific Islands Report noted that more than 6,000 children at 42 schools in the country’s remote Ambunti-Dreikikir District were forced to abandon their classes when the subsidies failed to reach them. And despite the series of reforms, the state of education in Papua New Guinea has remained relatively poor. According to Nationmaster, the country’s government spends a paltry 2.3 percent of its GDP on education, a figure that ranks 120th out of the world’s 132 independent nations. In addition, only 21.1 percent of all students are enrolled in secondary education, the average student only completes 6.1 years of the compulsory nine years of education, and the average classroom serves more than 35 students.

Rather than awarding subsidies at the district level, Papua New Guinea could improve enrollments and retention rates by offering scholarships for low-income students similar to Pell Grants and other federal financial aid offered in the United States. Similar programs could be also implemented for high school students who wish to attend college, but are unable to afford the tuition costs. Scholarships from private donors and non-profit organizations, monetary awards for schools with a positive educational track record and a nationwide emphasis on the value of education – all measures that have proven successful in the U.S. – could also be applied in Papua New Guinea.

By studying the successes and failures of American education, Papua New Guinea could greatly benefit thousands of children who, like many students in the U.S., dream of completing their education and earning a college degree. Today, countries throughout the developing world are urged to closely watch American educators in order to determine what to do – and what not to do – in terms of educating young people.

National land use plan: Way forward for PNG

National Research Institute Commentary 

By VINCENT PYATI*  

Introduction

LAND and land resources constitute the most important resource in Papua New Guinea (PNG).

 The contribution by land resources in terms of the Gross Development Product (GDP) is more than 70% of the total GDP. 

Unfortunately, land is limited and finite in quantity while the population and its activities are ever increasing.

There are endless conflicts over land use because of its finite nature.

 The demands for agriculture, livestock, forestry, mining, oil and gas projects, fisheries, conservation, urban development, infrastructure development, human settlements, tourism and others are greater than the available land resources. 

These demands are becoming more pressing every year. 

The population dependent on land for food, fuel and employment still continue to increase.

Where land is still plentiful, especially in the rural areas, many people have inadequate access to land or to the benefits from its use. 

In the face of scarcity, the degradation of arable land, primary forest, water bodies, river systems, and the general ecology are clear but individual land users lack the incentive or resources to stop it. 

 It is therefore imperative that land is used in the most sustainable and rational manner to ensure optimum productivity and safeguard the opportunities for future generations. 

The best way to achieve sustainable and optimum land utilization is through land use planning alone. 

What is land use planning?

Land-use planning is the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternatives for land use and economic and social conditions in order to select and adopt the best land-use options. 

Its purpose is to select and put into practice those land uses that will best meet the needs of the people while safeguarding resources for the future generations. 

It is a public policy tool used to order and regulate land use in an efficient and ethical way to prevent land use conflicts. 

Governments use “land use planning” to manage development of land in an efficient and orderly manner.

 The driving force in land use planning is the need for change, the need for improved management or the need for a quite different pattern of land use which is dictated by changing circumstances.

Why is national land use plan an urgent need in PNG?

The National Land Development Program (NLDP) genesis in 2005 after previous failed land reform attempts and has reached milestones. 

The never-ending landownership conflicts that frequent the corridors of Aopi Centre, streets of Waigani Court House and the halls of Boroko Land Titles Commission Office became history as of 1 March 2012 after the enactment of Incorporated Land Group (Amendment) Act 2009 and the Customary Land Registration (Amendment) Act 2009.

The legal framework and the instruments are now in place and it recognises exclusive ownership of land by customary land owners. 

In order to develop land, it has two key components namely land tenure and land use. 

The enactment of the above mentioned legislations paves the way for easy settlement of landownership disputes. 

The objectives of land use will be realised when a National Land Use Plan is formulated and implemented to identify potential land for different uses and map them for easy reference by developers and landowners alike. 

The principle of balance land and land resource development will be the primary objective in the land release process under the National Land Use Plan.

In the absence of a National Land Use Plan, land use remains fragmented and incomplete, generally because of institutional barriers, conflicting mandates, and the prioritisation of economic over social and environmental goals and of short-term development over long-term goals. 

The international and national strategies and action plans catalysed by the conventions on biodiversity, climate change and poverty reduction such as Agenda 21 are not integrated with sectoral plans into a comprehensive National Land Use Plan. 

Moreover, sectoral codes, legislation and procedures governing planning process and regulations for human settlements, agricultural, forest lands and protected areas among others are not harmonised.

The scope of sectoral land use plans by intensive land users, especially by Department of Agriculture & Livestock, PNG Forestry Authority, Mining and Logging companies are very narrow that they do not encompass a wider geographical area and long term perspectives. 

They do not carry out an assessment of future land resource requirements and identify areas with critical land degradation hazard and water use problems. 

Larger ecosystems of physical units, such as watersheds, valley bottoms, wetlands and biodiversity “hot spots” are at high risk. 

Land and water resources are subject to almost irreversible degradation by uncontrolled disposal of urban and industrial, especially mining wastes. 

Frequent reports of environment contaminations are hitting the headlines of the dailies and an example is the court challenge between lower Porgera landowners and the state as reported in the National front-page dated 21^st of March 2012 and the most recent seabed mining proposal which is widely criticised and opposed.

In the urban areas, squatting on prime land, disaster prone areas, easement reserves, waste dumps, hillsides and peri-urban areas without proper water supply, sanitation, electricity, transport and other services is a great concern. 

Open spaces, designated for recreational activities and urban agriculture land such as the land between 9-Mile and Bomana in NCD are converted to other uses without due concern for environmental damages, including air and water pollution, noise, and food security. 

The urban development plans (land use plans) for most of our cities, towns, district headquarters were done during the colonial times and are not reflecting current scenarios.

Each sector has its own land use activities, which are not always integrated with those of others. 

This alternative land uses have led to conflict over land use allocation and formulation of policies and laws. 

There are inadequate consultations between sectors both in land use allocation and formulation of policies and laws.

 Different sectors and institutions/agencies have different institutional responsibilities and mandates for land use management that are at times conflicting and overlapping. 

There is also poor condition between institutions and agencies responsible for sustainable land management activities. 

For instance, the working relationship between NCDC and Department of Lands and Physical Planning is non-existent as revealed by the NCDC Deputy City Manager, Regulatory Services at the recent National Land Conference. 

Lack of common guiding principles has lead to each sector or institution pursuing its own objectives when it comes to planning for land utilisation.

Some laws relating to land and natural resources management and administration are weak and outdated. In addition, land resources are subject to different uses and thus its management falls under different sectoral institutions that have limited human and financial resources as revealed by Minister for Environment and Conservation, Hon. John Pundari for the Department of Environment and Conservation in the media recently.

Furthermore, decentralisation introduced new structures and institutions are aimed at improving service delivery at LLG and ward levels, but these are faced with lack of implementation due to lack of adequate professional expertise, as well as poor coordination between the national, provincial and local governments.

 Inadequate sectoral coordination has also had negative impact on land use, just as weak inter-sectoral and district co-ordination has resulted in contradictory land use patterns. 

There is also poor implementation of existing policy and legal instruments related to land use and land management.

Papua New Guinea is faced with the problem of policies (both formal and informal), which allows changes in land use of protected areas, especially forests, wetlands and wildlife reserves. 

Many protected areas are being illegally encroached on in pursuit of economic development.

There is lack of effective planning both in rural and urban areas, which has resulted not only in haphazard development in urban areas, but also patterns. 

In general, rural settlement patterns are wasteful in land use; they are dispersed, render provision of services less efficient and make it difficult for government. 

The absences of proper urban plans have also resulted into mushrooming of new unplanned urban centres and expansion of existing ones. 

There is no capacity to plan and implement urban development plans. 

There is also extravagant use of urban land resulting in urban sprawl like the 8-Mile and 9-Mile areas.

What will be the role of a National Land Use Plan?

A National Land Use Plan will provide guidance in cases of conflict between different land users by indicating which areas of land are most valuable for what type of use. 

It will set the parameters for the different land users to use land within their confines. 

The motivational ideas surrounding the advocating of a National Land Use Plan are summarised in the following paragraphs and are not exhaustive.

·         It will balance the competing demands for land use by different sectors such as agriculture, forestry, mining, oil and gas projects, wildlife conservation, eco-tourism, heritage tourism, human settlements, infrastructure developments (airports, seaports, roads)  fisheries and others and achieve environmental objectives.

     It will translate the national socioeconomic plans such as PNG Vision 2050, Development Strategic Plan, Medium Term Development Strategy, and other sectoral plans into land use. 

All these sectoral activities happen on a piece of land with its own identity, name, specific characteristics, fabric and form. 

It will bridge the higher order policies of government with the sectoral policies and plans. T

he National Land Use Plan will be the spatial dimension of socioeconomic plans and guide to achieve environmental objectives.

·         It will coordinate all sectional agencies involved in land use. 

It will provide a spatial framework for land utilization in respect of different land use categories including agriculture, forestry, urban development, human settlement, infrastructure development, fishery, environmental protection and conservation, industrial development, among others. 

It will provide a broad framework for land use and will dictate land use at a strategic level to accommodate the interest of all land users.

  It will provide a flat playground for all sectors to harmoniously pursue their respective goals to improve quality of life for all citizens. 

We will discuss in Part 2 of this commentary the constraints in developing a National Land Use Plan and then provide a set of recommendations to conclude the way forward.  

* Vincent Pyati is a Research Fellow with the land development research program under the Wealth Creation Pillar at the National Research Institute.