Bogia Coconut Syndrome workshop held in Madang

A two-day workshop on the Bogia Coconut Syndrome (BCS) and Related Phytoplasma Syndromes in Papua New Guinea was held in Madang on Feb 12-13.

It brought together scientists from Australia, PNG and other stakeholders to discuss BCS, a plant disease that has caused severe losses to coconut palms in the Bogia, Sumkar and Madang districts of Madang Province.

Workshop participants seeing coconut palms affected by Bogia Coconut Syndrome at Kananam along the North Coast Road of Madang.~Pictures by JAMES KILA

The BCS spread has now been reported on Karkar Island also in Sumakar district.

Many thousands of palms have been killed since it was first detected in Bogia in the late 1970s, where it wiped out coconut plantations at Yaro.

The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) has funded a project over the last five years with a multi-national team to undertake more in-depth studies to fill important knowledge gaps and to develop a clear understanding of the biology of BCS and related phytoplasmas in PNG.

Key partners included Ramu Agri-Industries (New Britain Palm Oil Ltd), Oil Palm Research Association (OPRA), National Agriculture Quarantine Inspection Authority (NAQIA), National Agriculture Research Institute (NARI), University of Southern Queensland, Charles Sturt University and Kokonas Indastri Koporesen (KIK).

Workshop participants at Kokonas Indastri Koporesen’s Stewart Research Station at Murnas along the North Coast of Madang.

Phytoplasmas are bacteria with no cell-wall that live in the vascular bundle of plant tissue blocking off water and nutrients that the plants need for normal growth and in severe cases can lead to death of the plants and in this case coconut palms. 

Insect vectors having fed on infected host plants can transmit the phytoplasma through their salivary glands in to healthy plants and cause them to become sick and died, something similar to mosquitoes when transmitting malaria.

An ACIAR Technical Report presented at the meeting said plant tissues of BCS symptomatic palms were found to contain the BCS phytoplasma and when its DNA was sequenced using the LAMP technology this closely matched a group of phytoplasmas that were responsible for Coconut Lethal Yellowing Disease.

“Coconut lethal yellowing-like diseases have been responsible for repeatedly devastating coconut industries around the world since the early 1900s,” it said.

A house at Kananam outside Madang surrounded by Bogia Coconut Syndrome-affected palms.

“This was the first time a coconut lethal yellowing disease has been found in the Oceania region and concerns were raised for the PNG coconut industry.

“Previous outbreaks of this disease in other parts of the world caused widespread death of millions of coconut and other closely-related palm trees.

“A molecular study also found banana plants with similar yellowing symptoms contain a closely-related phytoplasma which was called Banana Wilt-Associated Phytoplasma (BWAP) now widespread in Madang, Morobe, East Sepik, Western and North Solomon provinces.”

A banana tree affected by Banana Wilt-Associated Phytoplasma (BWAP) in Madang.

Early responses to the discovery of this disease included a road block preventing the movement of coconuts that has not been de-husked and any planting materials going out from the Madang Province.

An extensive awareness programme was also initiated in the affected areas.

Workshop participants also saw for themselves palms affected by BCS at Kananam along the North Coast of Madang, and visited the International Coconut Gene Bank at Murnas Plantation.